#47 / 118
47Ag107.87
Transition Metalssolid at STPD-block

Silver

Group: 11Period: 5Standard Atomic Weight: 107.87 u

Why is Silver in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Silver's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 11

Belongs to Group 11 (Coinage metals) because it has 11 valence electrons (4d¹⁰ 5s¹).

Period Assignment
Period 5

Belongs to Period 5 because its outermost electron occupies n=5.

Orbital Block
D-block

Belongs to the d-block because its valence electrons fill the 4d subshell.

Chemical Category
Transition Metals

Classified as a transition metal with superior ductility, corrosion resistance, and +1 oxidation chemistry.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 18, 1]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 18, 1)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

47 Protons (p⁺)61 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 18Shell N: Electron 2 of 18Shell N: Electron 3 of 18Shell N: Electron 4 of 18Shell N: Electron 5 of 18Shell N: Electron 6 of 18Shell N: Electron 7 of 18Shell N: Electron 8 of 18Shell N: Electron 9 of 18Shell N: Electron 10 of 18Shell N: Electron 11 of 18Shell N: Electron 12 of 18Shell N: Electron 13 of 18Shell N: Electron 14 of 18Shell N: Electron 15 of 18Shell N: Electron 16 of 18Shell N: Electron 17 of 18Shell N: Electron 18 of 18OShell O: Electron 1 of 1AgZ = 47

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):18 / 32 electrons (56%)
Shell O (n=5):1 / 50 electrons (2%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s¹

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 11.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)1.93 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy731 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-125.6 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)165 pm
Common Oxidation States+1
Crystal StructureFCC

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP10.49 g/cm³
Melting Point961.78 °C (1234.93 K)
Boiling Point2162 °C (2435 K)
Magnetic OrderingDiamagnetic
Discovery YearAncient
Discovered ByKnown since prehistoric antiquity (~4000 BC)

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Photovoltaic solar panel conductive silver paste busbars
  • Fine jewelry, silverware cutlery, and bullion investment coins
  • High-reliability electrical switch contacts and conductive solder pastes
  • Antimicrobial wound dressings and medical silver nanoparticle coatings
Occurrence in Nature

Occurs as native silver nuggets and in argentite (Ag₂S), chlorargyrite (AgCl), and polymetallic lead-zinc-copper ores.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Old English 'seolfor'; symbol Ag from Latin 'argentum' meaning shiny or white

Important Chemical Compounds
AgNO₃ (Silver nitrate)
AgCl (Silver chloride)
AgBr (Silver bromide)
Ag₂O (Silver oxide)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • Silver is the undisputed champion of conductors: it has a higher electrical and thermal conductivity than copper and gold.
  • Silver is the most reflective metal known, reflecting over 95% of the visible light spectrum.
  • The oligodynamic effect of silver ions (Ag⁺) punches holes through bacterial cell membranes, giving silver natural antibacterial powers.
Safety & Handling Note

Silver is non-toxic to humans in metallic form, but chronic ingestion of silver salts causes argyria, irreversibly turning skin blue-gray.