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33As74.922
Metalloids (Semimetals)solid at STPP-block

Arsenic

Group: 15Period: 4Standard Atomic Weight: 74.922 u

Why is Arsenic in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Arsenic's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 15

Belongs to Group 15 because it has 5 valence electrons (4s² 4p³).

Period Assignment
Period 4

Belongs to Period 4 because its outermost electrons occupy n=4.

Orbital Block
P-block

Belongs to the p-block because its differentiating electrons occupy 4p orbitals.

Chemical Category
Metalloids (Semimetals)

Classified as a metalloid due to intermediate metallic sheen and semi-metallic electrical conductivity.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 5]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 5)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

33 Protons (p⁺)42 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 5Shell N: Electron 2 of 5Shell N: Electron 3 of 5Shell N: Electron 4 of 5Shell N: Electron 5 of 5AsZ = 33

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):5 / 32 electrons (16%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p³

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 5.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)2.18 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy947 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-78 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)114 pm
Common Oxidation States+3, +5, -3
Crystal StructureRhombohedral

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP5.73 g/cm³ (gray)
Melting Point817 °C (1090 K)
Boiling Point614 °C (887 K)
Magnetic OrderingDiamagnetic
Discovery YearAncient
Discovered ByKnown to ancients; isolated by Albertus Magnus (~1250)

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Semiconductor doping agent for silicon microchips and solar cells
  • Gallium arsenide (GaAs) optoelectronics and laser diodes
  • Lead-acid car battery grid hardening alloy
  • Wood preservative treatment against fungal decay and termites (CCA)
Occurrence in Nature

Found in minerals arsenopyrite (FeAsS), realgar (As₄S₄), and orpiment (As₂S₃), and volcanic hydrothermal veins.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Greek 'arsenikon', referring to yellow orpiment mineral pigment

Important Chemical Compounds
As₂O₃ (Arsenic trioxide / White arsenic)
GaAs (Gallium arsenide)
AsH₃ (Arsine gas)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • Arsenic sublimes directly from a solid into a toxic gas at 614 °C at standard atmospheric pressure without melting.
  • Arsenic trioxide was nicknamed 'inheritance powder' in Renaissance Europe because it was odorless, tasteless, and undetectable in food.
  • The Marsh test, invented in 1836, was the very first reliable forensic chemical test for detecting arsenic in human tissue.
Safety & Handling Note

Extremely toxic carcinogen; chronic exposure via contaminated groundwater causes arsenicosis, skin lesions, and organ failure.