#77 / 118
77Ir192.22
Transition Metalssolid at STPD-block

Iridium

Group: 9Period: 6Standard Atomic Weight: 192.22 u

Why is Iridium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Iridium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 9

Belongs to Group 9 because it has 9 valence electrons (5d⁷ 6s²).

Period Assignment
Period 6

Belongs to Period 6 because its outermost electrons occupy n=6.

Orbital Block
D-block

Belongs to the d-block because its valence electrons occupy 5d orbitals.

Chemical Category
Transition Metals

Classified as a transition metal and noble platinum group metal with unmatched corrosion resistance.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 32, 15, 2)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

77 Protons (p⁺)115 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 32Shell N: Electron 2 of 32Shell N: Electron 3 of 32Shell N: Electron 4 of 32Shell N: Electron 5 of 32Shell N: Electron 6 of 32Shell N: Electron 7 of 32Shell N: Electron 8 of 32Shell N: Electron 9 of 32Shell N: Electron 10 of 32Shell N: Electron 11 of 32Shell N: Electron 12 of 32Shell N: Electron 13 of 32Shell N: Electron 14 of 32Shell N: Electron 15 of 32Shell N: Electron 16 of 32Shell N: Electron 17 of 32Shell N: Electron 18 of 32Shell N: Electron 19 of 32Shell N: Electron 20 of 32Shell N: Electron 21 of 32Shell N: Electron 22 of 32Shell N: Electron 23 of 32Shell N: Electron 24 of 32Shell N: Electron 25 of 32Shell N: Electron 26 of 32Shell N: Electron 27 of 32Shell N: Electron 28 of 32Shell N: Electron 29 of 32Shell N: Electron 30 of 32Shell N: Electron 31 of 32Shell N: Electron 32 of 32OShell O: Electron 1 of 15Shell O: Electron 2 of 15Shell O: Electron 3 of 15Shell O: Electron 4 of 15Shell O: Electron 5 of 15Shell O: Electron 6 of 15Shell O: Electron 7 of 15Shell O: Electron 8 of 15Shell O: Electron 9 of 15Shell O: Electron 10 of 15Shell O: Electron 11 of 15Shell O: Electron 12 of 15Shell O: Electron 13 of 15Shell O: Electron 14 of 15Shell O: Electron 15 of 15PShell P: Electron 1 of 2Shell P: Electron 2 of 2IrZ = 77

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):32 / 32 electrons (100%)
Shell O (n=5):15 / 50 electrons (30%)
Shell P (n=6):2 / 72 electrons (3%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f¹⁴ 5s² 5p⁶ 5d⁷ 6s²

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 9.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)2.2 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy880 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-151 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)180 pm
Common Oxidation States+3, +4
Crystal StructureFCC

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP22.56 g/cm³
Melting Point2446 °C (2719 K)
Boiling Point4428 °C (4701 K)
Magnetic OrderingParamagnetic
Discovery Year1803
Discovered BySmithson Tennant

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Crucibles for growing high-purity single crystals (laser crystals and computer memory garnets) at 2000 °C
  • Aviation and high-performance racing spark plug electrodes
  • Electrocatalyst anodes for green hydrogen water electrolysis (PEM electrolyzers)
  • Cancer brachytherapy radiation seeds (Iridium-192)
Occurrence in Nature

Extremely depleted in Earth's crust (sunk into Earth's core); abundant in metallic meteorites and nickel refinery residues.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow, due to the striking colors of its salts

Important Chemical Compounds
IrO₂ (Iridium dioxide)
IrCl₃ (Iridium trichloride)
Vaska's complex [IrCl(CO)(PPh₃)₂]
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • In 1980, Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered a worldwide layer of iridium-rich clay at the 66-million-year-old K-Pg geological boundary, proving a 10 km asteroid killed the dinosaurs.
  • The international prototype kilogram cylinder stored in Sevres, France was forged from a 90% platinum / 10% iridium alloy for maximum corrosion stability.
  • Iridium achieves the formal +9 oxidation state in the [IrO₄]⁺ cation, the highest verified oxidation state of any known chemical species.
Safety & Handling Note

Bulk metallic iridium is completely non-toxic and bio-inert; radioactive Iridium-192 causes severe radiation burns.