#55 / 118
55Cs132.91
Alkali Metalssolid at STPS-block

Caesium

Group: 1Period: 6Standard Atomic Weight: 132.91 u

Why is Caesium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Caesium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group 1

Belongs to Group 1 because its outermost valence electron is 6s¹.

Period Assignment
Period 6

Belongs to Period 6 because its valence electron occupies the sixth principal energy level (n=6).

Orbital Block
S-block

Belongs to the s-block because the differentiating electron enters the 6s orbital.

Chemical Category
Alkali Metals

Classified as an alkali metal; exhibits the lowest ionization energy (375.7 kJ/mol) of any non-radioactive element.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

55 Protons (p⁺)78 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 18Shell N: Electron 2 of 18Shell N: Electron 3 of 18Shell N: Electron 4 of 18Shell N: Electron 5 of 18Shell N: Electron 6 of 18Shell N: Electron 7 of 18Shell N: Electron 8 of 18Shell N: Electron 9 of 18Shell N: Electron 10 of 18Shell N: Electron 11 of 18Shell N: Electron 12 of 18Shell N: Electron 13 of 18Shell N: Electron 14 of 18Shell N: Electron 15 of 18Shell N: Electron 16 of 18Shell N: Electron 17 of 18Shell N: Electron 18 of 18OShell O: Electron 1 of 8Shell O: Electron 2 of 8Shell O: Electron 3 of 8Shell O: Electron 4 of 8Shell O: Electron 5 of 8Shell O: Electron 6 of 8Shell O: Electron 7 of 8Shell O: Electron 8 of 8PShell P: Electron 1 of 1CsZ = 55

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):18 / 32 electrons (56%)
Shell O (n=5):8 / 50 electrons (16%)
Shell P (n=6):1 / 72 electrons (1%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 5s² 5p⁶ 6s¹

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 1.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)0.79 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy375.7 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-45.5 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)298 pm
Common Oxidation States+1
Crystal StructureBCC

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP1.93 g/cm³
Melting Point28.44 °C (301.59 K)
Boiling Point671 °C (944 K)
Magnetic OrderingParamagnetic
Discovery Year1860
Discovered ByRobert Bunsen & Gustav Kirchhoff

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Caesium atomic clocks defining the official SI second (9,192,631,770 Hz hyperfine transition)
  • High-density caesium formate drilling fluids for high-pressure deep offshore oil exploration
  • Thermionic power converters and photoelectric cells
  • Specialty optical infrared night vision glassware
Occurrence in Nature

Mined almost exclusively from the rare pegmatite mineral pollucite, notably at the Tanco Mine in Manitoba, Canada.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Latin 'caesius' meaning sky-blue, from its prominent blue spectroscopic lines

Important Chemical Compounds
CsCl (Caesium chloride)
CsOH (Caesium hydroxide / Strongest known base)
CsCOOH (Caesium formate)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • The international SI second has been defined since 1967 as exactly 9,192,631,770 oscillations of the Caesium-133 ground state hyperfine transition.
  • Caesium is one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or very near room temperature (along with Hg, Ga, Fr, and Rb).
  • Caesium hydroxide (CsOH) is widely recognized as the strongest base in chemistry, rapidly etching through glass containers.
Safety & Handling Note

Extremely hazardous and pyrophoric; reacts explosively with water and ambient humidity even at -116 °C.