#60 / 118
60Nd144.24
Lanthanides (Rare Earths)solid at STPF-block

Neodymium

Group: f-blockPeriod: 6Standard Atomic Weight: 144.24 u

Why is Neodymium in this position?

Understanding the scientific rationale behind Neodymium's position in the periodic table:

Group Assignment
Group Lanthanide / Actinide

Lanthanide series element filling the 4f subshell.

Period Assignment
Period 6

Belongs to Period 6 because its outermost electrons occupy n=6.

Orbital Block
F-block

Belongs to the f-block because differentiating electrons enter 4f orbitals (4f⁴ 6s²).

Chemical Category
Lanthanides (Rare Earths)

Classified as a lanthanide rare earth metal with paramount ferromagnetic utility.

Atomic Structure & Bohr Shell Model

Shell Distribution: [2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2]

Bohr Atomic Shell Model(2, 8, 18, 22, 8, 2)

Hover or tap any shell orbit ring to inspect electron counts and 2n² capacities.

60 Protons (p⁺)84 Neutrons (n⁰)
KShell K: Electron 1 of 2Shell K: Electron 2 of 2LShell L: Electron 1 of 8Shell L: Electron 2 of 8Shell L: Electron 3 of 8Shell L: Electron 4 of 8Shell L: Electron 5 of 8Shell L: Electron 6 of 8Shell L: Electron 7 of 8Shell L: Electron 8 of 8MShell M: Electron 1 of 18Shell M: Electron 2 of 18Shell M: Electron 3 of 18Shell M: Electron 4 of 18Shell M: Electron 5 of 18Shell M: Electron 6 of 18Shell M: Electron 7 of 18Shell M: Electron 8 of 18Shell M: Electron 9 of 18Shell M: Electron 10 of 18Shell M: Electron 11 of 18Shell M: Electron 12 of 18Shell M: Electron 13 of 18Shell M: Electron 14 of 18Shell M: Electron 15 of 18Shell M: Electron 16 of 18Shell M: Electron 17 of 18Shell M: Electron 18 of 18NShell N: Electron 1 of 22Shell N: Electron 2 of 22Shell N: Electron 3 of 22Shell N: Electron 4 of 22Shell N: Electron 5 of 22Shell N: Electron 6 of 22Shell N: Electron 7 of 22Shell N: Electron 8 of 22Shell N: Electron 9 of 22Shell N: Electron 10 of 22Shell N: Electron 11 of 22Shell N: Electron 12 of 22Shell N: Electron 13 of 22Shell N: Electron 14 of 22Shell N: Electron 15 of 22Shell N: Electron 16 of 22Shell N: Electron 17 of 22Shell N: Electron 18 of 22Shell N: Electron 19 of 22Shell N: Electron 20 of 22Shell N: Electron 21 of 22Shell N: Electron 22 of 22OShell O: Electron 1 of 8Shell O: Electron 2 of 8Shell O: Electron 3 of 8Shell O: Electron 4 of 8Shell O: Electron 5 of 8Shell O: Electron 6 of 8Shell O: Electron 7 of 8Shell O: Electron 8 of 8PShell P: Electron 1 of 2Shell P: Electron 2 of 2NdZ = 60

Educational Note: This Niels Bohr planetary model visually illustrates principal quantum energy shells ($n=1, 2, 3\dots$) and electron counts. In modern quantum mechanics (Schrödinger model), electrons do not orbit in fixed circular planetary tracks, but exist as 3D probability clouds (orbitals: $s, p, d, f$) governed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

Electron Shell Filling Breakdown

Shell K (n=1):2 / 2 electrons (100%)
Shell L (n=2):8 / 8 electrons (100%)
Shell M (n=3):18 / 18 electrons (100%)
Shell N (n=4):22 / 32 electrons (69%)
Shell O (n=5):8 / 50 electrons (16%)
Shell P (n=6):2 / 72 electrons (3%)
Aufbau Electron Configuration
1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁶ 4d¹⁰ 4f⁴ 5s² 5p⁶ 6s²

Neutral ground state configuration. Valence electrons: 6.

Atomic & Quantum Properties

Electronegativity (Pauling)1.14 Pauling
1st Ionization Energy533.1 kJ/mol
Electron Affinity-50 kJ/mol
Atomic Radius (empirical)185 pm
Common Oxidation States+3
Crystal StructureDouble HCP

Physical & Thermal Properties

Density at STP7.01 g/cm³
Melting Point1024 °C (1297 K)
Boiling Point3074 °C (3347 K)
Magnetic OrderingAntiferromagnetic
Discovery Year1885
Discovered ByCarl Auer von Welsbach

Real-World Uses, Occurrence & Compounds

Major Industrial & Everyday Uses
  • Neodymium-Iron-Boron (Nd₂Fe₁₄B) supermagnets for electric vehicle motors, wind turbines, and audio headphones
  • Nd:YAG solid-state infrared lasers for eye surgery, tattoo removal, and industrial metal cutting
  • Didymium glass blowing goggles and specialty color-changing violet glasswares
  • Computer hard disk drive voice coil actuators
Occurrence in Nature

Extracted from bastnäsite and monazite ores; the second most abundant lanthanide after cerium.

Etymology & Name Origin

From Greek 'neos' meaning new and 'didymos' meaning twin

Important Chemical Compounds
Nd₂Fe₁₄B (Neodymium magnet alloy)
Nd₂O₃ (Neodymium oxide)
Nd:YAG (Laser crystal)
Interesting Chemical Facts
  • A neodymium magnet the size of a coin can lift thousands of times its own weight and can crush human finger bones if two magnets slam together.
  • Glass doped with neodymium changes color dramatically from lavender-pink under natural sunlight to sky-blue under fluorescent lighting.
  • Neodymium magnets power the vibrating haptic feedback motors inside virtually all modern smartphones.
Safety & Handling Note

Neodymium dust is flammable; strong neodymium magnets present severe physical pinch and crushing hazards.